Immunoassay: Principles, Types, and Applications in Modern Science
Immunoassay is a widely used biochemical technique designed to detect and measure specific substances such as proteins, hormones, or drugs in a sample by using the principle of antigen–antibody interaction. It plays a crucial role in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research, environmental monitoring, and food safety testing. Due to its high sensitivity and specificity, immunoassay has become one of the most reliable analytical methods in modern laboratories.
What is Immunoassay?
Immunoassay is based on the ability of antibodies to bind selectively to specific antigens. When a target molecule (antigen) is present in a sample, it interacts with a corresponding antibody, forming an antigen–antibody complex. This reaction can be detected and measured using various labeling techniques such as enzymes, fluorescence, or radioactivity, allowing precise quantification of the target substance.
Types of Immunoassay